Microelectronic substrate electro processing system

ABSTRACT

In a processing system for electroplating semiconductor wafers and similar substrates, the contact ring of the electroplating processor is removed from the rotor of the processor and replaced with a previously deplated contact ring. This allows the contact ring to be deplated in ring service module of the system, while the processor continues to operate. Wafer throughput is improved. The contact ring may be attached to a chuck for moving the contact ring between the processors and the ring service module, with the chuck quickly attachable and releasable to the rotor.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/817,223, filed Apr. 29, 2013 and incorporated herein byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Microelectronic devices are generally formed on a semiconductor wafer orother type substrate or workpiece. In a typical manufacturing process,one or more thin metal layers are formed on a wafer to producemicroelectronic devices and/or to provide conducting lines betweendevices.

The metal layers are generally applied to the wafers via electrochemicalplating in an electroplating processor. A typical electroplatingprocessor includes a vessel or bowl for holding an electroplatingsolution, one or more anodes in the bowl in contact the electroplatingsolution, and a head having a contact ring with multiple electricalcontacts that touch the wafer. The front surface of the wafer isimmersed in the electroplating solution and an electrical field causesmetal ions in the electroplating solution to plate out onto the wafer,forming a metal layer.

In so-called “wet-contact” processors, the electrical contacts areexposed to the electroplating solution during a plating cycle.Consequently, the metal ions in the electroplating solution also plateout onto the contacts. The contacts, however, may plate at differentrates with the result that some contacts can have a relatively greateror lesser surface area contacting the wafer, as plated-on metal buildsup on the contacts over time. This reduces the uniformity of the metallayer plated on the wafer. It can also contaminate the wafer via poorlyadhering metal particles separating from the contacts and depositingonto the wafer. To avoid this result, the contacts must be periodically“de-plated” to remove the metal that plates onto the contacts during aplating cycle, as part of ongoing maintenance of the reactor.

Typically, the contacts are deplated by immersing the contact assemblyinto the plating solution while passing reverse electrical currentthrough them. The reverse current causes the plating cycle to reverse,moving metal off of the contacts and back into the solution. However,the reverse current must be limited to avoid degrading the platingsolution. The rate of deplating is also limited by amount of agitationthat can be provided to the plating solution around the contacts.Consequently, the contact deplating operation takes significant time tocomplete.

So-called dry contact electroplating processors use a seal to keep theplating solution away portions of the contacts. The seal must beperiodically cleaned to work effectively and avoid contaminating thewafer. The need to maintain the contacts and the seal reduces thethroughput or use efficiency of the electroplating system. Accordingly,improved designs are needed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings the same reference number indicates the same element ineach of the views.

FIG. 1 is a plan view of a processing system.

FIGS. 2-5 are perspective, side, front and plan views a processor asshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the robot arm in FIG. 1 holding a chuckassembly.

FIG. 7 is a side view of the robot moving a chuck assembly to aprocessor.

FIG. 8 is a side view showing the chuck assembly now aligned under thehead of the processor.

FIG. 9 is a side view showing the chuck assembly handed off and attachedto the rotor.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are side views showing the head with the chuckassembly attached to the rotor, with the head retracted in FIG. 10A andextended in FIG. 10B.

FIG. 11 is an enlarged view of the head.

FIG. 12 is an enlarged section view of the chuck attached to the rotor.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged alternative section view of the chuck assemblyattached to the rotor.

FIG. 14A is a perspective view of a contact ring.

FIG. 14B is an enlarged detail section view of the electrical connectionbetween the contact fingers on the ring contact to the chuck and therotor.

FIG. 14C is a perspective view of an electrical contact as shown inFIGS. 14A and 14B.

FIG. 15 is a front, top and left side perspective view of the head.

FIG. 16 is a side view of the head showing additional elements.

FIG. 17 is a side view of the head in a tilted orientation.

FIG. 18 is a front, top and left side perspective view of an alternativehead.

FIG. 19 is a side view of the head of FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an alternative chuck.

FIG. 21 is a section view of an alternative rotor adapted for use withthe chuck shown in FIG. 20.

FIGS. 22A-22D are section views showing a sequence of steps forunclamping the chuck assembly of FIG. 20 from the rotor of FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 is a plan view of an alternative processing system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

As shown in FIG. 1, a processing system 20 includes modules orsubsystems within an enclosure 22. Wafer or substrate containers 24,such as FOUP (front opening unified pod) containers may be docked at aload/unload station 26 at the front of the enclosure 22. The subsystemsused may vary with the specific manufacturing processes performed by thesystem 20. In the example shown, the system 20 includes a frontinterface 28, which may provide temporary storage for wafers to be movedinto or out of the system 20, as well as optionally providing otherfunctions. If provided, an anneal module 30, a rinse/dry module 32, aring module 40 and electroplating chambers 42 may be sequentiallyarranged with the enclosure 22 behind the front interface 28. Robotsmove wafers between the subsystems. For example, a wafer robot 48 ispositioned to move wafers between the anneal module 30 and the rinse/drymodule 32. A chuck robot 60 is positioned to move chuck assembliesholding a wafer between the ring module 40 and the electroplatingchambers 42. In a basic form the system 20 may include only one or moreelectroplating chambers and a ring module 40.

As shown in FIGS. 2-5 an electroplating chamber 42 may include a vesselor bowl 50 containing anodes, electrolyte and other components, forexample as described in International Patent Publication WO2012/158966.The electroplating chamber or processor 42 also includes a head 52. Thebowl 50 and the head 52 may be supported on a frame 54, with a powersupply 56 or other auxiliary components also supported on the frame.

In a conventional electroplating processor, a contact ring is generallypermanently attached to a rotor. As a result while the contact ring isbeing deplated, and/or the contact ring seal (if used) is being cleaned,the processor is idle in the sense that it is not processing a wafer. Inthe system 20 this drawback is overcome by making the contact ringremovable from the rotor of the processor. This allows the contact ringto be quickly removed and replaced with a previously deplated contactring. The processor idle time is greatly reduced.

Referring back to FIG. 1, wafers 120 are loaded into and out of the ringmodule 40 via the wafer robot 48. Within the ring module 40, contactrings are deplated. A wafer is clamped in place by a contact ring on achuck. The assembly or unit of the wafer, the contact ring and the chuckis referred to here as a chuck assembly 76. The chuck assembly 76 ismoved to a processor 42.

FIGS. 6-9 show this movement of a chuck assembly 72 by the chuck robot60. As described below, in the ring module 40, a contact ring 70 used inthe processor 42 is attached to a chuck 72, with a wafer 120 clampedbetween them to form a chuck assembly 76. The chuck robot 60 then movesthe chuck assembly 76 to a processor 42. As shown in FIG. 6, the chuckrobot 60 may have a semi-circular end effector or arm 62 for engagingthe chuck 72. The rotor 80 of the processor 42 is raised up away fromthe bowl 50. Referring to FIG. 8, the robot 60 advances the chuckassembly 76 into alignment with the rotor 80. As shown in FIG. 9, thechuck assembly 76 is then handed off to the rotor 80 with the chuck 72securely attached to the rotor, and the robot 60 is withdrawn.

With the chuck assembly 76 in place on the rotor 80, the processor 42 isready for processing a wafer. The head 52 moves the rotor 80 down fromthe load/unload position shown in FIG. 10A to the plating position shownin FIG. 10B, where the wafer 120 (clamped between the chuck and thecontact ring) is in contact with the electrolyte in the bowl 50.Generally the rotor rotates the wafer during the plating process toprovide a more uniform plated layer. FIG. 11 shows an enlarged view ofthe processor of FIG. 10B.

Turning to FIG. 12, the contact ring 70 may be attached to the chuck 72via contact ring magnets 102 exerting a magnetic attracting force onchuck magnets 104. The chuck 72 may similarly be attached to the rotor80 during the hand off via the force of the chuck magnets 104 on rotormagnets 106 in the rotor 80. As shown in FIG. 13 alignment pins 122projecting into openings in the top of the chuck may be used to alignthe chuck 72 with the rotor 80. The magnets may optionally be omittedwith the contact ring and chuck attachments made using mechanicalelements such as automatic fasteners or clamps.

As shown in FIGS. 14A-14C, the contact ring 70 has a large number ofindividual contact fingers 74 that make actual physical and electricalcontact with the wafer 120. Electrical current flows from the fingers 74through ring conductors 90 to a plurality of radially spaced apart chuckcontacts 132 on the chuck. The chuck contacts 132 touch a metal ring 130in the rotor when the chuck is attached to the rotor. The metal ring 130is connected to a current source, typically a cathode, via conductiveelements in the head 52.

FIGS. 15-17 show a head design which, in addition to lifting andlowering the rotor 80 as shown in FIGS. 10A-10B, can also tilt therotor, to allow the wafer 120 to enter the electrolyte at an angle. Inthe design shown in FIGS. 15-17, the rotor frame 85 is pivoted abouthead pivot joints 64 by a pivot actuator 66. As shown in FIG. 17,tilting the rotor frame 85 corresponding tilts the wafer 120. Thisallows the rotor 80 to move the wafer 120 into the electrolyte at anangle, to improve wetting characteristics and reduce bubble trapping.FIGS. 18-19 shown an alternative head 140 where the rotor frame is fixed(i.e., movable vertically only) and the rotor 144 is tilted about headpivot joints 142.

FIG. 20 shows an alternative chuck 150 for use with an alternative rotor160 shown in FIG. 21. The chuck 150 has a slot plate 152 and a lead-inrecess 154. The rotor 160 has a clamp rod 166 urged up by a spring 164.An actuator 162 in the head is positioned to move the clamp rod 166 downagainst the force of the spring.

FIGS. 22A-22D shown the chuck unclamping sequence. In FIG. 22A, with theactuator off, the spring holds the clamp rod up. The head 168 of theclamp rod 166 is secured under the slot plate 152, so that the chuck issecurely clamped onto the rotor via the force of the spring. In FIG. 22Bthe actuator is energized pushing the clamp rod down and separating thechuck from the rotor. In FIG. 22C the chuck robot 60 moves the chucklaterally causing the head of the clamp rod to move out from under theslot plate and into the recess 154. In FIG. 22D, the robot 60 thenlowers and removes the chuck assembly 76 from the rotor and delivers itto the ring module 40. At the ring module 40 the robot 60 drops off thechuck assembly 76 and picks up a new chuck assembly 76 having anunprocessed wafer. The robot 60 then moves the new chuck assembly 76 toa processor where it is loaded using the reverse sequence of steps shownin FIGS. 22A-22D. The rotors, chucks and contact rings may be uniform(having the same size and shape) so that the chuck assemblies may beused interchangeably.

Within the ring module, contact rings are deplated and contact seals, ifpresent, may be cleaned. The deplating and/or seal cleaning may beperformed with the contact ring attached to the chuck. In this type ofsystem, the chuck and the contact ring may be substantially permanentlyattached to each other. Alternatively a modified contact ring suitablefor handling and attachment to the head, in the same way as the chuckis, may be used, essentially as a combination contact ring/chuck. Inthis design the functional elements of the chuck are included in thecontact ring, with no separate chuck provided. For example, the contactring may be provided with an integrated backing plate, with contactfingers of the contact ring movable towards and away from the backingplate, to load and unload a wafer.

The contact ring may also be detached and separated from the chuckduring deplating and/or cleaning. In this type of system, each deplatedcontact ring is attached to a chuck with an unprocessed wafer clampedbetween them, with the resulting chuck assembly 76 then positioned forpick up by the robot 60. Also within the ring module 40, chuckassemblies 76 returning from a processor 42 are opened, i.e., theprocessed wafer is unclamped and removed, for pick up by the wafer robot48.

The system 20 shown in FIG. 1 may be used for copper Damascene plating.FIG. 23 is a top view of another system 180 which may be used for waferlevel packaging (WLP). The system 180 may omit the anneal chamber 30.The spin rinser dryer chambers 32 may be combined with the contact ringstation 40 into a support module 182. The support module 182 may alsoinclude one or more vacuum prewet chambers. In comparison to the system20 shown in FIG. 1, in the system 180 shown in FIG. 23, the waferchucking/dechucking steps are performed in the support module 182,towards the front end of the system, rather than at a more centralposition as in FIG. 1. The support module may be provided with threespin rinser dryer chambers, two vacuum pre wet chambers and two contactring stations.

Referring still to FIG. 23, the system 182 may have up to 20 metalplating chambers 42 set up in groups for plating three different metals,such as copper, nickel and tin-silver. These metal plating chambers maybe on two levels in a stack configuration. The robots and chuckoperations described above for use in the system 20 may also be used inthe system 180.

Thus, novel systems and methods have been shown and described. Variouschanges and substitutions may of course be made without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. The invention, therefore, shouldnot be limited except by the following claims and their equivalents.Wafer means a silicon or other semiconductor material wafer, or othertype substrate or workpiece used to make micro-electronic,micro-electro-mechanical, or micro-optical devices. The systemsdescribed may be suitable for use with 150, 200, 300 or 450 mm diameterwafers.

1. A system for electroplating a substrate, comprising: a plurality of chuck assemblies each including a chuck and a contact ring positioned to clamp a substrate between the contact ring and the chuck; a plurality of electroplating processors each having a rotor adapted to receive a chuck assembly; a ring module having a contact ring deplater; and a chuck assembly robot movable between the ring module and the electroplating processors and having an end effector for engaging a chuck assembly.
 2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a wafer robot for moving wafers into and out of the ring module.
 3. The system of claim 1 with the chuck comprising a substantially round plate having a plurality of electrical contacts extending from a top surface of the chuck to the contact ring.
 4. The system of claim 1 with the chuck comprising a substantially round plate having one or more gas passageways in a top surface of the chuck.
 5. The system of claim 1 with each processor having a head supported on a frame, and with the rotor attached to a vertical slide track actuator on the head.
 6. The system of claim 5 further comprising a tilt actuator for tilting the head.
 7. The system of claim 1 with the contact ring attached to the chuck via magnets.
 8. The system of claim 1 with the chuck attachable to the rotor via magnets.
 9. The system of claim 1 with the chuck having a slot plate and with the chuck attached to the rotor via a clamp rod in the rotor engaged with the slot plate.
 10. The system of claim 2 with the ring module further including a wafer loader for receiving a wafer from the wafer robot and clamping the wafer between a chuck and a contact ring to form a chuck assembly, and a wafer unloader for unclamping a processed wafer from a chuck assembly and moving the contact ring of the chuck assembly to the contact ring deplater.
 11. A method for processing a wafer, comprising: clamping a first wafer between a first chuck and a first contact ring; attaching the first chuck to a rotor of a processor; processing the wafer by contacting the first wafer with an electrolyte while passing electrical current through the electrolyte; removing the first chuck from the rotor; unclamping and removing the first wafer from the first chuck; and deplating the first contact ring away from the processor.
 12. The method of claim 11 further including clamping a second wafer between a second chuck and a second contact ring; attaching the second chuck to the rotor of the processor; processing the second wafer by contacting the second wafer with an electrolyte while passing electrical current through the electrolyte, while deplating the first contact ring.
 13. The method of claim 11 further including contacting the first wafer with an electrolyte by positioning the rotor at an angle to the surface of the electrolyte, and lowering the wafer into contact with the electrolyte.
 14. The method of claim 11 further including aligning the rotor with the first chuck by rotating the rotor to position alignment pins on the rotor over alignment openings in the first chuck.
 15. The method of claim 11 further including sealing a top surface of the first chuck against the rotor.
 16. The method of claim 11 further including attaching the first chuck to the rotor via a clamp rod engaging the first chuck and pulling the first chuck into engagement with the first rotor.
 17. The method of claim 16 further including using spring force to urge the clamp rod in a first direction.
 18. The method of claim 17 further including momentarily pushing the clamp rod in a second direction, opposite from the first direction, to compress the spring and release the chuck from the rotor. 